More progressive benefit payouts would balance that somewhat, but receipt of paid leave would be far from universal. A review by the Social Security Administration Actuary touted by Committee Democrats expects that, in any given year, only four percent of workers would qualify for medical leave and 0.4 percent would qualify as caretakers; only 35 percent of newborn or adoptive parents would qualify for parental leave. And as Hadley Heath Manning highlighted in her testimony, data from states operating their own paid leave policies indicate middle- and upper-income workers are more likely to utilize a paid leave program than poor workers. Meanwhile all workers — low-, middle-, and high-income — would pay the new payroll tax, year in and year out.